Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Common in India; stomach acid repeatedly flows back into the esophagus causing irritation. Symptoms: heartburn, chest pain, sour taste, regurgitation, difficulty swallowing. Lifestyle changes and medicines help.
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Open sores in the stomach/duodenum due to H. pylori or painkillers (NSAIDs). Symptoms: burning epigastric pain, bloating, nausea; bleeding ulcers may cause black stools or vomiting blood.
Gastritis
Inflammation of stomach lining; acute or chronic. Causes include infections, alcohol, irritant foods, medicines. Symptoms: indigestion, nausea, vomiting, upper abdominal pain.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
Functional GI disorder without structural damage; common among young adults. Features: recurrent abdominal pain with diarrhea, constipation, or alternating patterns plus bloating.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease are chronic inflammatory disorders. Symptoms: diarrhea with blood/mucus, abdominal pain, fever, weight loss. Long-standing disease raises colorectal cancer risk.
Viral Hepatitis
Hepatitis A/E spread via food/water; B/C via blood/body fluids. Acute forms cause jaundice, fatigue, nausea. Chronic hepatitis B/C can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer.
Cirrhosis and Chronic Liver Disease
Long‑term liver damage leads to scarring and loss of function. Causes include viral hepatitis B/C and non‑alcoholic fatty liver disease. Signs: jaundice, abdominal swelling, easy bruising, confusion.
Gallstone Disease (Cholelithiasis)
Stones in the gallbladder due to imbalance in bile contents. Symptoms: sudden right‑upper abdominal pain (biliary colic), nausea/vomiting; duct stones can cause jaundice and infection.
Pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas; acute or chronic. In India, gallstones and alcohol are common causes. Pain radiates to the back; severe cases can lead to organ dysfunction.
